This Place is Taken

June 8, 2012

On November 23, 2011 id Software maintained the tradition and released the source code of their previous engine. This time is was the turn of idTech4 which powered Prey, Quake 4 and of course Doom 3. Within hours the GitHub repository was forked more than 400 times and people started to look at the game internal mechanisms/port the engine on other platforms. I also jumped on it and promptly completed the Mac OS X Intel version which John Carmack kindly advertised.
In terms of clarity and comments this is the best code release from id Software after Doom iPhone codebase (which is more recent and hence better commented). I highly recommend everybody to read, build and experiment with it.
Here are my notes regarding what I understood. As usual I have cleaned them up: I hope it will save someone a few hours and I also hope it will motivate some of us to read more code and become better programmers.
Part 1: Overview
Part 2: Dmap
Part 3: Renderer
Part 4: Profiling
Part 5: Scripting
Part 6: Interviews (including Q&A with John Carmack)

From notes to articles...

I have noticed that I am using more and more drawing and less and less text in order to explain codebase. So far I have used gliffy to draw but this tool has some frustrating limitations (such as lack of alpha channel). I am thinking of authoring a tool specialized in drawing for 3D engines using SVG and Javascript. I wonder if something like this already exist ? Anyway, back to the code...

Background

Getting our hands on the source code of such a ground breaking engine is exciting. Upon release in 2004 Doom III set new visual and audio standards for real-time engines, the most notable being "Unified Lighting and Shadows". For the first time the technology was allowing artists to express themselves on an hollywood scale. Even 8 years later the first encounter with the HellKnight in Delta-Labs-4 still looks insanely great:

First contact

The source code is now distributed via Github which is a good thing since the FTP server from id Software was almost always down or overloaded.

The original release from TTimo compiles well with Visual Studio 2010 Professional. Unfortunately Visual Studio 2010 "Express" lacks MFC and hence cannot be used. This was disappointing upon release but some people have since removed the dependencies.

    Windows 7 :
    ===========
        
    
    
    git clone https://github.com/TTimo/doom3.gpl.git

For code reading and exploring I prefer to use XCode 4.0 on Mac OS X: The search speed from SpotLight, the variables highlights and the "Command-Click" to reach a definition make the experience superior to Visual Studio. The XCode project was broken upon release but it was easy to fix with a few steps and there is now a Github repository by "bad sector" which works well on Mac OS X Lion.

    MacOS X :
    =========
        
    
    
    git clone https://github.com/badsector/Doom3-for-MacOSX-

Notes : It seems "variable hightlights" and "Control-Click" are also available on Visual Studio 2010 after installing the Visual Studio 2010 Productivity Power Tools. I cannot understand why this is not part of the vanilla install.
Both codebases are now in the best state possible : One click away from an executable !

Download the code.
Hit F8 / Commmand-B.
Run !

Trivia : In order to run the game you will need the base folder containing the Doom 3 assets. Since I did not want to waste time extracting them from the Doom 3 CDs and updating them: I downloaded the Steam version. It seems id Software team did the same since the Visual Studio project released still contains "+set fs_basepath C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\doom 3" in the debug settings!
Trivia : The engine was developed with Visual Studio .NET (source). But the code does not feature a single line of C# and the version released requires Visual Studio 2010 Professional in order to compile.
Trivia : Id Software team seems to be fan of the Matrix franchise: Quake III working title was "Trinity" and Doom III working title was "Neo". This explains why you will find all of the source code in the neo subfolder.

Architecture

The solution is divided in projects that reflect the overall architecture of the engine:

Projects	Builds		Observations
	Windows	MacO SX
Game	gamex86.dll	gamex86.so	Doom3 gameplay
Game-d3xp	gamex86.dll	gamex86.so	Doom3 eXPension (Ressurection) gameplay
MayaImport	MayaImport.dll	-	Part of the assets creation toolchain: Loaded at runtime in order to open Maya files and import monsters, camera path and maps.
Doom3	Doom3.exe	Doom3.app	Doom 3 Engine
TypeInfo	TypeInfo.exe	-	In-house RTTI helper: Generates `GameTypeInfo.h`: A map of all the Doom3 class types with each member size. This allow memory debugging via TypeInfo class.
CurlLib	CurlLib.lib	-	HTTP client used to download files (Staticaly linked against gamex86.dll and doom3.exe).
idLib	idLib.lib	idLib.a	id Software library. Includes parser,lexer,dictionary ... (Staticaly linked against gamex86.dll and doom3.exe).

Like every engine since idTech2 we find one closed source binary (doom.exe) and one open source dynamic library (gamex86.dll).:

Most of the codebase has been accessible since October 2004 via the Doom3 SDK: Only the Doom3 executable source code was missing. Modders were able to build idlib.a and gamex86.dll but the core of the engine was still closed source.
Note : The engine does not use the Standard C++ Library: All containers (map,linked list...) are re-implemented but libc is extensively used.
Note : In the Game module each class extends idClass. This allows the engine to perform in-house RTTI and also instantiate classes by classname.
Trivia : If you look at the drawing you will see that a few essential frameworks (such as Filesystem) are in the Doom3.exe project. This is a problem since gamex86.dll needs to load assets as well. Those subsystems are dynamically loaded by gamex86.dll from doom3.exe (this is what the arrow materializes in the drawing). If we use a PE explorer on the DLL we can see that gamex86.dll export one method: GetGameAPI:

Things are working exactly the way Quake2 loaded the renderer and the game ddls: Exchanging objects pointers:
When Doom3.exe starts up it:

Loads the DLL in its process memory space via LoadLibrary.
Get the address of GetGameAPI in the dll using win32's GetProcAddress.
Call GetGameAPI.

    gameExport_t * GetGameAPI_t( gameImport_t *import );

At the end of the "handshake", Doom3.exe has a pointer to a idGame object and Game.dll has a pointer to a gameImport_t object containing additional references to all missing subsystems such as idFileSystem.
Gamex86's view on Doom 3 executable objects:

        typedef struct {
            
            int                         version;               // API version
            idSys *                     sys;                   // non-portable system services
            idCommon *                  common;                // common
            idCmdSystem *               cmdSystem              // console command system
            idCVarSystem *              cvarSystem;            // console variable system
            idFileSystem *              fileSystem;            // file system
            idNetworkSystem *           networkSystem;         // network system
            idRenderSystem *            renderSystem;          // render system
            idSoundSystem *             soundSystem;           // sound system
            idRenderModelManager *      renderModelManager;    // render model manager
            idUserInterfaceManager *    uiManager;             // user interface manager
            idDeclManager *             declManager;           // declaration manager
            idAASFileManager *          AASFileManager;        // AAS file manager
            idCollisionModelManager *   collisionModelManager; // collision model manager
            
        } gameImport_t;

Doom 3's view on Game/Modd objects:

typedef struct 
    {

        int            version;     // API version
        idGame *       game;        // interface to run the game
        idGameEdit *   gameEdit;    // interface for in-game editing

    } gameExport_t;

Notes : A great resource to understand better each subsystems is the Doom3 SDK documentation page: It seems to have been written by someone with deep understanding of the code in 2004 (so probably a member of the development team).

The Code

Before digging, some stats from cloc:

     ./cloc-1.56.pl neo
        
     2180 text files.
     2002 unique files.                                          
     626 files ignored.
            
     http://cloc.sourceforge.net v 1.56  T=19.0 s (77.9 files/s, 47576.6 lines/s)
        
     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     Language                     files          blank        comment           code
     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     C++                            517          87078         113107         366433
     C/C++ Header                   617          29833          27176         111105
     C                              171          11408          15566          53540
     Bourne Shell                    29           5399           6516          39966
     make                            43           1196            874           9121
     m4                              10           1079            232           9025
     HTML                            55            391             76           4142
     Objective C++                    6            709            656           2606
     Perl                            10            523            411           2380
     yacc                             1             95             97            912
     Python                          10            108            182            895
     Objective C                      1            145             20            768
     DOS Batch                        5              0              0             61
     Teamcenter def                   4              3              0             51
     Lisp                             1              5             20             25
     awk                              1              2              1             17
     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     SUM:                          1481         137974         164934         601047
     -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The number of line of code is not usually a good metric for anything but here it can be very helpful in order to assess the effort to comprehend the engine. 601,047 lines of code makes the engine twice as "difficult" to understand compared to Quake III. A few stats with regards to the history of id Software engines # lines of code:

#Lines of code	Doom	idTech1	idTech2	idTech3	idTech4
Engine	39079	143855	135788	239398	601032
Tools	341	11155	28140	128417	-
Total	39420	155010	163928	367815	601032

Note : The huge increase in idTech3 for the tools comes from lcc codebase (the C compiler used to generate QVM bytecode) .
Note : No tools are accounted for Doom3 since they are integrated to the engine codebase.
From a high level here are a few fun facts:

For the first time in id Software history the code is C++ instead of C. John Carmack elaborated on this during our Q&A.
Abstraction and polymorphism are used a lot across the code. But a nice trick avoids the vtable performance hit on some objects.
All assets are stored in human readable text form. No more binaries. The code is making extensive usage of lexer/parser. John Carmack elaborated on this during our Q&A.
Templates are used in low level utility classes (mainly idLib) but are never seen in the upper levels so they won't make your eyes bleed the way Google's V8 source code does.
In terms of code commenting it is the second best codebase from id software, the only one better is Doom iPhone, probably because it is more recent than Doom3. 30% comments is still outstanding and find it rare to find a project that well commented! In some part of the code (see dmap page) there are actually more comments than statements.
OOP encapsulation makes the the code clean and easy to read.
The days of low level assembly optimization are gone. A few tricks such as idMath::InvSqrt and spacial localization optimizations are here but most of the code just tries to use the tools when they are available (GPU Shaders, OpenGL VBO, SIMD, Altivec, SMP, L2 Optimizations (R_AddModelSurfaces per model processing)...).

It is also interesting to take a look at idTech4 The Coding Standard defined by John Carmack (I particularly appreciated the comments about const placement).

Unrolling the loop

Here is the main loop unrolled with the most important parts of the engine:

    idCommonLocal    commonLocal;                   // OS Specialized object 
    idCommon *       common = &commonLocal;         // Interface pointer (since Init is OS dependent it is an abstract method
        
    int WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow ) 
    {
            
        
        Sys_SetPhysicalWorkMemory( 192 << 20, 1024 << 20 );   //Min = 201,326,592  Max = 1,073,741,824
        Sys_CreateConsole();
            
        // Since the engine is multi-threaded mutexes are initialized here: One mutex per "critical" (concurrent execution) section of code.
        for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CRITICAL_SECTIONS; i++ ) { 
            InitializeCriticalSection( &win32.criticalSections[i] );
        }
            
        common->Init( 0, NULL, lpCmdLine );              // Assess how much VRAM is available (not done via OpenGL but OS call)
            
        Sys_StartAsyncThread(){                          // The next look runs is a separate thread.
            while ( 1 ){
                usleep( 16666 );                         // Run at 60Hz
                common->Async();                         // Do the job
                Sys_TriggerEvent( TRIGGER_EVENT_ONE );   // Unlock other thread waiting for inputs
                pthread_testcancel();                    // Check if we have been cancelled by the main thread (on shutdown).
            }
        }
        
        Sys_ShowConsole
            
        while( 1 ){
            Win_Frame();                                 // Show or hide the console
            common->Frame(){
                session->Frame()                         // Game logic
                {
                    for (int i = 0 ; i < gameTicsToRun ; i++ ) 
                        RunGameTic(){
                            game->RunFrame( &cmd );      // From this point execution jumps in the GameX86.dll address space.
                              for( ent = activeEntities.Next(); ent != NULL; ent = ent->activeNode.Next() ) 
                                ent->GetPhysics()->UpdateTime( time );  // let entities think
                        }
                }
                
                session->UpdateScreen( false ); // normal, in-sequence screen update
                {
                    renderSystem->BeginFrame
                        idGame::Draw            // Renderer front-end. Doesn't actually communicate with the GPU !!
                    renderSystem->EndFrame
                        R_IssueRenderCommands   // Renderer back-end. Issue GPU optimized commands to the GPU.
                }
            }
        }
    }

For more details here is the fully unrolled loop that I used as a map while reading the code.
It is a standard main loop for an id Software engine. Except for Sys_StartAsyncThread which indicate that Doom3 is multi-threaded. The goal of this thread is to handle the time-critical functions that the engine don't want limited to the frame rate:

Sound mixing.
User input generation.

Trivia : idTech4 high level objects are all abstract classes. This would normally involves a performance hit since each virtual method address would have to be looked up in a vtable before calling it at runtime. But there is a "trick" to avoid that. All object are instantiated statically as follow:

    idCommonLocal    commonLocal;                   // Implementation
    idCommon *       common = &commonLocal;         // Interface manipulated in the code

This way the compiler can determine statically the method to call: No vtable lookup. It is actually a double win since the pointer does not have to be dereferenced at runtime either since its address is known at compile time.
Trivia : Having read most engines from id Software I find it noticeable that some method name have NEVER changed since doom1 engine: The method responsible for pumping mouse and joystick inputs is still called: IN_frame().

Renderer

Two important parts:

Since Doom3 uses a portal system, the preprocessing tool dmap is a complete departure from the traditional bsp builder. I reviewed it to the deep down on a dedicated page.
The runtime renderer has a very interesting architecture since it is broken in two parts with a frontend and backend: More on the dedicated page.

Profiling

I used Xcode's Instruments to check where the CPU cycle were going. The results and analysis are here.

Scripting and Virtual Machine

In every idTech product the VM and the scripting language totally changed from the previous version...and they did it again: Details are here.

Interviews

While reading the code, several novelties puzzled me so I wrote to John Carmack and we was nice enough to reply with in-depth explanations about:

C++.
Renderer broken in two pieces.
Text-based assets.
Interpreted bytecode.

I also compiled all videos and press interviews about idTech4. It is all in the interviews page.

One more thing

Summer is coming and it was not always easy to focus...

...but overall it was a blast to read most of it. Since idTech5 source code will not be released anytime soon (if ever) this leaves me with idTech3 (Quake III) not yet reviewed. Maybe I will write something about it if enough people are interested.

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@2012

This Place is Taken

Friday, June 15, 2012

Why Nikola Tesla was the greatest geek who ever lived

Saturday, June 9, 2012

Doom 3 Source code review

From notes to articles...

Background

First contact

Architecture

The Code

Unrolling the loop

Renderer

Profiling

Scripting and Virtual Machine

Interviews

Recommended readings

One more thing

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Tuesday, June 5, 2012

Wednesday June 6, 2012

Saturday, June 2, 2012

And its live !

Wireshark 1.6.8

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